In Year 5, Australian students deepen their understanding of number by working with factors, multiples, prime numbers, and decimals up to thousandths. They solve problems involving operations with large numbers and decimals, add and subtract fractions with identical or related denominators, and calculate areas and perimeters of rectangles. Students also explore transformations on the Cartesian coordinate plane, interpret side-by-side bar charts and line graphs, and calculate simple probabilities.